what-when-how — In Depth Tutorials and Information

From the therapeutic point of view, it is essential to ensure that drug concentrations remain within the therapeutic window and neither drug failure, nor drug toxicity, occur in the patient. To understand some of the factors related to drug metabolism...

As living organisms developed in complexity and their diets expanded to include many types of plants and animals, it was clearly necessary to evolve a system that would protect an organism from food toxins. This process was probably greatly accelerated...

Signal molecule design At some point in evolution, single-cell life forms began to coalesce into multi-cell organizations, allowing advantages in influencing and controlling the cells’ immediate environment. Further down this line of development...

Organisms such as oysters that cannot rid themselves of lipophilic aromatic and nonaromatic hydrocarbons tend to accumulate these chemicals to toxic levels. Mudskippers, however, are less vulnerable to such toxicity as they use their biotransforming...